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07 ноября 2017 в 21:04

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A boiler is a closed vessel where drinking water or other fluid is heated. The fluid will not necessarily boil. (In THE UNITED STATES, the term "furnace" is generally used if the reason is not to boil the fluid.) The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in a variety of heating or processes applications,[1 - [2 - including drinking water heating, central heating system, boiler-based power era, cooking food, and sanitation. Materials The pressure vessel of the boiler is usually made of steel (or alloy steel), or historically of wrought iron. Stainless steel, of the austenitic types especially, is not found in wetted elements of boilers credited to corrosion and stress corrosion breaking.[3 - However, ferritic stainless steel is often found in superheater sections that will not be exposed to boiling drinking water, and electrically heated stainless shell boilers are allowed under the European "Pressure Equipment Directive" for creation of steam for sterilizers and disinfectors.[4 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler In live steam models, copper or brass is often used because it is more fabricated in smaller size boilers easily. Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes (particularly for vapor locomotives), because of its better formability and higher thermal conductivity; however, in newer times, the high price of copper often makes this an uneconomic choice and cheaper substitutes (such as metal) are used instead. For much of the Victorian "age group of vapor", the only materials used for boilermaking was the highest grade of wrought iron, with assembly by rivetting. This iron was extracted from specialist ironworks, such as at Cleator Moor (UK), noted for the high quality of their rolled plate and its suitability for high-reliability use in critical applications, such as high-pressure boilers. In the 20th century, design practice moved towards the use of steel instead, which is stronger and cheaper, with welded structure, which is quicker and requires less labour. It ought to be observed, however, that wrought iron boilers corrode much slower than their modern-day steel counterparts, and are less vunerable to localized pitting and stress-corrosion. This makes the durability of older wrought-iron boilers significantly superior to those of welded metal boilers. Cast iron might be used for the heating system vessel of home water heaters. Although such heaters are usually termed "boilers" in some countries, their purpose is to create hot water usually, not steam, and they also run at low pressure and stay away from boiling. The brittleness of cast iron makes it impractical for high-pressure steam boilers. Boiler Repairs Seven Sisters, N15, Boiler Breakdown Emergency Service http://boiler-repairs-seven-sisters.co.uk - Click here>>> Energy The source of heating for a boiler is combustion of some of several fuels, such as wood, coal, oil, or natural gas. Electric steam boilers use resistance- or immersion-type heating system elements. Nuclear fission is also used as a heat source for generating steam, either directly (BWR) or, in most cases, in specialised warmth exchangers called "vapor generators" (PWR). Temperature recovery steam generators (HRSGs) use heat rejected from other processes such as gas turbine. Boiler efficiency there are two methods to gauge the boiler efficiency 1) direct method 2) indirect method Direct method -immediate method of boiler efficiency test is more useful or even more common boiler efficiency =Q*((Hg-Hf)/q)*(GCV *100 ) Q =Total vapor stream Hg= Enthalpy of saturated vapor in k cal/kg Hf =Enthalpy of give food to drinking water in kcal/kg q= level of gasoline use in kg/hr GCV =gross calorific value in kcal/kg like pet coke (8200 kcal/KG) indirect method -to measure the boiler efficiency in indirect method, we are in need of a following parameter like Ultimate analysis of gas (H2,S2,S,C moisture constraint, ash constraint) percentage of O2 or CO2 at flue gas flue gas temperature at outlet ambient temperature in deg c and humidity of air in kg/kg GCV of gas in kcal/kg ash percentage in combustible fuel GCV of ash in kcal/kg Configurations Boilers can be classified in to the following configurations: Container boiler or Haycock boiler/Haystack boiler: a primitive "kettle" in which a fire heats a partially filled water box from below. 18th century Haycock boilers generally produced and stored large amounts of very low-pressure steam, barely above that of the atmosphere often. These could burn wood or frequently, coal. Efficiency was suprisingly low. Flued boiler with one or two large flues-an early forerunner or kind of fire-tube boiler. Diagram of a fire-tube boiler Fire-tube boiler: Here, water partially fills a boiler barrel with a little volume still left above to support the vapor (vapor space). This is the type of boiler used in all steam locomotives nearly. Heat source is inside a furnace or firebox that needs to be kept permanently surrounded by water in order to keep up the temp of the heating system surface below the boiling point. The furnace can be situated at one end of a fire-tube which lengthens the road of the hot gases, thus augmenting the heating surface which may be further increased by making the gases invert direction through a second parallel pipe or a bundle of multiple pipes (two-pass or come back flue boiler); on the other hand the gases may be studied along the edges and then beneath the boiler through flues (3-pass boiler). In case there is a locomotive-type boiler, a boiler barrel stretches from the firebox and the hot gases pass through a bundle of fire pipes inside the barrel which greatly increases the heating system surface compared to a single tube and further increases heat transfer. Fire-tube boilers usually have a comparatively low rate of steam production, but high vapor storage capacity. Fire-tube boilers burn solid fuels mostly, but are easily flexible to people of the liquid or gas variety. Diagram of the water-tube boiler. Water-tube boiler: In this kind, pipes filled with drinking water are arranged inside a furnace in a genuine amount of possible configurations. Often the drinking water tubes connect large drums, the lower ones containing water and the top ones water and steam; in other situations, such as a mono-tube boiler, water is circulated by a pump through a succession of coils. This type gives high steam production rates generally, but less storage capacity than the above. Water pipe boilers can be made to exploit any warmth source and tend to be preferred in high-pressure applications because the high-pressure water/vapor is included within small size pipes which can withstand the pressure with a thinner wall. Flash boiler: A flash boiler is a specialized kind of water-tube boiler where pipes are close jointly and drinking water is pumped through them. A flash boiler differs from the kind of mono-tube vapor generator in which the pipe is permanently filled with water. Super fast boiler, the pipe is held so hot that water feed is quickly flashed into vapor and superheated. Flash boilers experienced some use in automobiles in the 19th century and this use continued into the early 20th century. . 1950s design steam locomotive boiler, from a Victorian Railways J class Fire-tube boiler with Water-tube firebox. Sometimes the two above types have been mixed in the next manner: the firebox contains an assembly of water pipes, called thermic siphons. The gases then go through a conventional firetube boiler. Water-tube fireboxes were installed in many Hungarian locomotives,[citation needed - but have met with little success far away. Sectional boiler. Within a cast iron sectional boiler, sometimes called a "pork chop boiler" water is included inside ensemble iron sections.[citation needed - These areas are assembled on site to produce the finished boiler. Safety See also: Boiler explosion To define and secure boilers safely, some professional specialized organizations such as the American Society of Mechanical Technical engineers (ASME) develop specifications and regulation codes. For example, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is a standard providing an array of guidelines and directives to ensure compliance of the boilers and other pressure vessels with safety, security and design standards.[5 - Historically, boilers were a source of many serious injuries and property destruction as a consequence to badly understood engineering principles. Thin and brittle metal shells can rupture, while poorly welded or riveted seams could start, resulting in a violent eruption of the pressurized vapor. When water is changed into vapor it expands to over 1,000 times its original travels and volume down steam pipes at over 100 kilometres each hour. Because of this, steam is a great way of moving energy and heat around a site from a central boiler house to where it is needed, but with no right boiler feed water treatment, a steam-raising seed will suffer from size corrosion and formation. At best, this raises energy costs and can lead to poor quality steam, reduced efficiency, shorter plant life and unreliable procedure. At worst, it can result in catastrophic loss and failing of life. Collapsed or dislodged boiler tubes can also squirt scalding-hot steam and smoke from the air intake and firing chute, injuring the firemen who load the coal into the open fire chamber. Extremely large boilers providing hundreds of horsepower to operate factories could demolish entire buildings.[6 - A boiler which has a loss of feed drinking water and it is permitted to boil dry can be extremely dangerous. If give food to drinking water is sent in to the vacant boiler then, the tiny cascade of inbound drinking water instantly boils on connection with the superheated metallic shell and leads to a violent explosion that cannot be controlled even by protection steam valves. Draining of the boiler can also happen if a leak occurs in the steam source lines that is larger than the make-up drinking water supply could replace. The Hartford Loop was invented in 1919 by the Hartford Steam Boiler and Insurance Company as a strategy to assist in preventing this condition from taking place, and therefore reduce their insurance claims.[7 - [8 - Superheated steam boiler A superheated boiler on a steam locomotive. Main article: Superheater Most boilers produce steam to be used at saturation temperature; that is, saturated vapor. Superheated steam boilers vaporize water and further heating the steam in a superheater then. This provides vapor at higher temp, but can decrease the overall thermal efficiency of the vapor generating vegetable because the higher vapor temperature takes a higher flue gas exhaust temperature.[citation needed - There are many ways to circumvent this issue, by giving an economizer that heats the feed drinking water typically, a combustion air heater in the hot flue gas exhaust path, or both. You can find advantages to superheated vapor that may, and will often, increase overall efficiency of both steam generation and its utilization: increases in input temp to a turbine should outweigh any cost in additional boiler problem and expense. There may also be useful limitations in using damp vapor, as entrained condensation droplets will damage turbine blades. Superheated steam presents unique safety concerns because, if any operational system component fails and allows steam to escape, the high pressure and temperature can cause serious, instantaneous harm to anyone in its path. Since the escaping steam will at first be completely superheated vapor, detection can be difficult, although the intense heat and sound from such a leak obviously indicates its presence. Superheater operation is similar to that of the coils on an fresh air conditioning unit, although for a different purpose. The vapor piping is directed through the flue gas path in the boiler furnace. The temperature in this field is between 1 typically,300 and 1,600 °C (2,372 and 2,912 °F). Some superheaters are radiant type; that is, they absorb heat by rays. Others are convection type, absorbing high temperature from a liquid. Some are a mixture of both types. Through either method, the extreme heat in the flue gas path will heat the superheater steam piping and the steam within also. While the heat of the vapor in the superheater increases, the pressure of the vapor will not and the pressure remains exactly like that of the boiler.[9 - Almost all steam superheater system designs remove droplets entrained in the steam to avoid harm to the turbine blading and associated piping. Supercritical steam generator Boiler for a charged power flower. Main article: Supercritical steam generator Supercritical steam generators are used for the production of electric power frequently. They operate at supercritical pressure. In contrast to a "subcritical boiler", a supercritical vapor generator operates at such a high pressure (over 3,200 psi or 22 MPa) that the physical turbulence that characterizes boiling ceases that occurs; the liquid is neither water nor gas but a super-critical liquid. There is absolutely no generation of vapor bubbles within water, because the pressure is above the critical pressure point of which vapor bubbles can form. As the liquid expands through the turbine levels, its thermodynamic state drops below the critical point as it can work turning the turbine which turns the power generator from which power is eventually extracted. The fluid at that time may be a mix of vapor and liquid droplets as it goes by into the condenser. This leads to slightly less fuel use and therefore less greenhouse gas creation. The term "boiler" shouldn't be used for a supercritical pressure steam generator, as no "boiling" occurs in this device. Boiler Repairs Seven Sisters, N15, Boiler Breakdown Emergency Service http://boiler-repairs-seven-sisters.co.uk - Boiler Repairs Seven Sisters, N15, Boiler Breakdown Emergency Service!.. Accessories Boiler accessories and fittings Pressuretrols to control the vapor pressure in the boiler. Boilers generally have 2 or 3 3 pressuretrols: a manual-reset pressuretrol, which functions as a safety by setting the upper limit of steam pressure, the operating pressuretrol, which settings when the boiler fires to keep pressure, as well as for boilers outfitted with a modulating burner, a modulating pressuretrol which settings the quantity of fire. Protection valve: It is used to alleviate pressure and prevent possible explosion of the boiler. Water level signals: They show the operator the level of liquid in the boiler, known as a view glass also, water measure or drinking water column. Bottom level blowdown valves: They provide a means for removing solid particulates that condense and lie on underneath of the boiler. As the name indicates, this valve is located directly on the bottom of the boiler usually, and is sometimes opened up to use the pressure in the boiler to drive these particulates out. Constant blowdown valve: This allows a small quantity of water to escape continuously. Its purpose is to avoid water in the boiler becoming saturated with dissolved salts. Saturation would lead to foaming and cause drinking water droplets to be carried over with the vapor - an ailment known as priming. Blowdown is also often used to monitor the chemistry of the boiler drinking water. Trycock: a type of valve that is often use to manually check a water level in a tank. Most commonly found on a drinking water boiler. Flash tank: High-pressure blowdown enters this vessel where in fact the steam can 'flash' safely and become used in a low-pressure system or be vented to atmosphere as the ambient pressure blowdown moves to drain. Automatic blowdown/constant heat recovery system: This system allows the boiler to blowdown only when make-up water is moving to the boiler, thereby transferring the utmost amount of heat possible from the blowdown to the makeup water. No flash container is normally needed as the blowdown discharged is near to the heat range of the makeup water. Hand openings: These are steel plates installed in openings in "header" to permit for inspections & installing tubes and inspection of internal surfaces. Vapor drum internals, some display screen, scrubber & cans (cyclone separators). Low-water cutoff: It is a mechanical means (usually a float change) that is utilized to turn off the burner or shut down gas to the boiler to avoid it from running once the water runs below a certain point. If a boiler is "dry-fired" (burnt without drinking water in it) it can cause rupture or catastrophic failure. Surface blowdown range: It provides a means for removing foam or other lightweight non-condensible chemicals that tend to float together with the water inside the boiler. Circulating pump: It really is made to circulate drinking water back again to the boiler after it has expelled a few of its heat. Feedwater check valve or clack valve: A non-return stop valve in the feedwater collection. This can be fitted to the side of the boiler, just below water level, or to the top of the boiler.[10 - Top feed: Within this design for feedwater injection, water is fed to the very best of the boiler. This can reduce boiler exhaustion triggered by thermal stress. By spraying the feedwater over some trays water is quickly heated and this can reduce limescale. Desuperheater tubes or bundles: Some tubes or bundles of pipes in water drum or the steam drum made to cool superheated vapor, in order to provide auxiliary equipment that will not need, or may be damaged by, dry steam. Chemical substance injection line: A link with add chemicals for controlling feedwater pH. Steam accessories Main steam stop valve: Steam traps: Main vapor stop/check valve: It is utilized on multiple boiler installations. Combustion accessories Fuel oil system:energy oil heaters Gas system: Coal system: Soot blower Other essential items Pressure gauges: Feed pumps: Fusible plug: Inspectors test pressure measure attachment: Name plate: Registration plate: